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Cladogram of the Ornithischians

Master Ornithischian Cladogram


TAXA, CHARACTERS, FORMATIONS AND LOCATIONS

I. Ornithischia

1. Dinosauria: open acetabulum
2. Ornithischia: process of pelvis points backward
3. Saurischia: metacarpal of digit I robust and twisted
4. Genasauria: cheeks
5. ?no shared derived characters

Lesothosaurus, Early Jurassic, Stormberg Group, South Africa
6. Thyreophora: armor
7. Cerapoda: uneven enamel on teeth
8. ?no shared derived characters
Scelidosaurus, Early Jurassic, Lias, England
Scutellosaurus, Early Jurassic, Glen Canyon Group, Arizona, USA
9. Stegosauria: armor as plates or spines on back
10. Ankylosauria: armor or small plates over back
11. Ankylosauridae: club on tail
Ankylosaurus, Late Cretaceous, Judith River beds, Alberta, Canada
Pinacosaurus, Late Cretaceous, Mongolia
Euplocephalus, Late Cretaceous, Judith River beds, Alberta, Canada
12. Nodosauridae: complex palate and large armor plate on top of center of skull
Nodosaurus, Early Cretaceous, Cloverly Formation, Montana
Edmontonia, Late Cretaceous, Judith River beds, Alberta, Canada
13. Kentrosauridae: armor as spines on most of back
Kentrosaurus, Late Jurassic, Tendaguru Formation, Tanzania
14. Stegosauridae: armor as plates on back
Stegosaurus, Late Jurassic, Morrison Formation, western USA
15. Marginocephalia: bony shelf on back of head
16. Pachycephalosauria: dome-like thickening on skull
Prenalocephale, Late Cretaceous, Mongolia
Pachycephalosaurus, Late Cretaceous, Judith River beds, Alberta, Canada
17. Ceratopsia: rostral bone on snout
18. Psittacosauridae: reduction in manus
Psittacosaurus, Early Cretaceous, Mongolia
19. Neoceratopsia: long frill
Protoceratops, Late Cretaceous, Mongolia
Triceratops, Late Cretaceous, Hell Creek beds, Western USA
20. Ornithopoda: jaw joint below tooth rows
21. elongate hands with large claws
Heterodontosaurus, Early Jurassic, Stormberg Group, South Africa
22. no name (Hypsilophodontidae + Iguanodontidae + Hadrosauridae): prepubic process well developed
23. Hypsilophodontidae: strong ridge on side of teeth
Hypsilophodon, Early Cretaceous, England
24. no name (Iguanodontidae + Hadrosauridae): reduction in digit I of hand
25. Iguanodontidae: spike-like digit I on hand
Iguanodon, Early Cretaceous, Wealden beds, England and Belgium
Camptosaurus, Late Jurassic, Morrison Formation, western USA
Ouranosaurus, Early Cretaceous, Niger
26. Hadrosauria: loss of digit 1 and duck-like snout
Hadrosaurus, Late Cretaceous, New Jersey, USA
Saurolophus, Late Cretaceous, Mongolia
Anatotitan, Late Cretaceous, Hell Creek beds, Montana, USA
Maiasaura, Late Cretaceous, Two Medicine Formation, Montana, USA
Parasaurolophus, Late Cretaceous, Judith River beds, Alberta, Canada
Corythosaurus, Late Cretaceous, Judith River beds, Alberta, Canada

Cladogram of the Saurischians

Master Saurischian Cladogram


TAXA, CHARACTERS, FORMATIONS AND LOCATIONS

II. Saurischia

1. Dinosauria: open acetabulum
2. Saurischia: metacarpal of digit I robust and twisted
3. Ornithischia: process of pelvis points backward
4. ? no shared derived characters

Herrerasaurus, Ischigualasto Formation, Argentina
5. Sauropodomorpha: small head and long neck
6. Sauropoda: dorsal vertebrae converted to cervicals, elongating neck
7. Prosauropoda: apron-shaped pubis
Plateosaurus, Late Triassic, Keuper, Germany
8. Brachiosauridae: forelimbs as long as, or longer than, hind limbs
Brachiosaurus, Late Jurassic, Morrison Formation, Western USA; Tendaguru Formation, Tanzania
Ultrasaurus, Late Jurassic, Morrison Formation, Western USA
Camarasaurus, Late Jurassic, Morrison Formation, Western USA
9. Diplodocidae: teeth restricted to front of mouth
Diplodocus, Late Jurassic, Morrison Formation, Western USA
Seismosaurus, Late Jurassic, Morrison Formation, Western USA
10. Titanosauridae: Armor
Saltosaurus, Creataceous, Argentina
11. Theropoda: three toed foot
12. Ceratosauria: fused pelvis
Ceratosaurus, Late Jurassic, Morrison Formation, Western USA
Dilophosaurus, Early Jurassic, Glen Canyon Group, Arizona, USA
Coelophysis, Late Triassic, Chinle Group, Arizona, USA
Baryonyx, Early Cretaceous, Wealden, England
Spinosaurus, Late Cretaceous, Egypt
13. Tetanuria: digits IV and V of hand lost
14. Carnosauria: lacrimal with large cavity
Allosaurus, Late Jurassic, Morrison Formation, Western USA
15. Arctometatarsalia: proximally pinched metatarsal III of pes
16. Bullatosauria: large eyes and brain
17. Troodontia: many small teeth with large denticles
Troodon, Late Cretaceous, Judith River beds, Alberta, Canada
18. Ornithomimosauria: manus with nearly equal length metacarpals
Struthiomimus, Late Cretaceous, Judith River beds
Gallimimus, Early Cretaceous, Judith River beds
Ornithomimus, Late Cretaceous, Mongolia
Deinocheirus, Late Cretaceous, Mongolia
19. Tyrannosauridae
Albertosaurus, Late Cretaceous, Judith River beds, Alberta, Canada
Tarbosaurus, Late Cretaceous, Mongolia
Tyrannosaurus, Late Cretaceous, Hell Creek Formation, Montana
20. Coelurosauria: long arms
21. Therizinosauria: teeth lost in front of mouth and very large claws on manus
Therizinosaurus, Late Cretaceous, Mongolia
Segnosaurus, Late Cretaceous, Mongolia
22. ? no shared derived characters
Ornitholestes, Late Jurassic, Morrison Formation, Western USA
23. ? no shared derived characters
Compsognathus, Late Jurassic, Solenhofen Limestone, Germany
Sinosauropteryx, Early Cretaceous, Liaoning lake beds, China
24. Oviraptorosauria: skull deep, highly fenestrate, lacking teeth
Oviraptor, Late Cretaceous, Mongolia
Caudipteryx, Early Cretaceous, Liaoning lake beds, China
25. Maniraptora: semilunate carpal
26. Deinonychosauria: giant, hook-like claw on digit II of pes
Deinonychus, Early Cretaceous, Cloverly Formation, Wyoming, USA
Velociraptor, Late Cretaceous, Mongolia
27. Avialae: flight feathers on arm and hand
Mononykus, Late Cretaceous, Mongolia
Confuciusornis, Early Cretaceous, Liaoning lake beds, China
28. ? no shared derived characters
Archaeopteryx, Late Jurassic, Solenhofen Limestone, Germany
29. Aves: loss of teeth, spike-like manus

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